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Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is a crucial part of the Energy Management System (EMS) as it determines individual generator outputs that minimize generation cost while satisfying transmission, generation, and system-level operating constraints. OPF relies on a core EMS routine, namely state estimation, which computes system states, principally bus voltages/phase angles at the buses. However, state estimation is vulnerable to false data injection attacks in which an adversary can alter certain measurements to corrupt the estimator's solution without being detected.
