Introduction to Transactive Energy
Prepared by David J. Hess and Magdalena Sudibjo, Sociology Department and VIEEE, Vanderbilt University

Slides | Lecture Video
Abstract: The lecture provides a brief introduction to the electricity system and restructuring in the U.S., including wholesale and retail competition, load balancing authorities, and electricity load management.  The transition of the electricity system is described, with an explanation of the change from the twentieth-century model of a centralized, one-way transmission of power based on stable baseload generation to the twenty-first century model of two-way transmission with distributed energy resources.  Various types of transactive energy are reviewed, then a more detailed discussion is provided of two types where there is a substantial consumer interface: distributed energy resources and microgrids, and smart meters. A summary of some of Hess’s research on public rejection of smart meters is given as an example of how a backlash can emerge when public perceptions and ELSI issues are ignored.

Outline:

1. Assigned Readings (download)
2. Transactive Energy
   1. General background studies and social science
   2. Law and policy studies
   3. Sample policy documents
   4. Technology References

I. Assigned Readings

• Hess, David J. 2014. “Smart Meters and Public Acceptance: Comparative Analysis and Governance Implications.” Health, Risk, and Society 16(3): 243-258.  This paper focuses on one aspect of the smart grid, the smart meter, which is the main consumer interface with the smart grid and the site of emerging social conflicts. 
• Meadowcroft, James, Jennise Stephens, Elizabeth Wilson, Ian Rowlands. 2018. Social dimensions of smart grid: regional analysis in Canada and the United States. Introduction to special issue. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82(2): 1909-1912.
• Milakis, Dimitris, Bart van Arem, Bert van Wee. 2017. Policy and society related implications of automated driving: a review of literature and directions for future research. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 21(4): 324-348.
• Clerkin, Bridget, 2017. Autonomous cars, big data, and the post-privacy world. https://www.dmv.org/articles/self-driving-vehicles-privacy-concerns.
• Finn, Rachel L. and David Wright. 2012. “Unmanned aircraft systems: Surveillance, ethics and privacy in civil applications.” Computer Law & Security: 184-194.
• Wingfield, Nick. 2016. “A Field Guide to Civilian Drones.” New York Times Aug. 29. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/technology/guide-to-civilian-drones.html?action=click&contentCollection=Technology&module=RelatedCoverage&region=EndOfArticle&pgtype=article

II. Transactive Energy

A. General Background Studies and Social Science

• Cuijpers, C. and Koops, B., 2012. Smart metering and privacy in Europe: lessons from the dutch case. In: S. Gutwirth, et al. eds. European data protection: coming of age. Dordrecht: Springer, 269–293.
• Jegen, Maya, and Xavier Philion. 2017. Power and smart meters: a political prespective on the social acceptance of energy projects. Canadian Public Administration 60(1): 68-88.
• Kahma, Nina, and Kaisa Matschoss. 2017. The rejection of innovations? Rethinking technology diffusion and the non-use of smart energy services in Finland. Energy Research and Social Science 34: 27-36.
• Z. Ma, B. N. Jørgensen, "Global Smart Grid Transmission: Comparison of Europe the U.S. and China", The 10th International Green Energy Conference, May 24–27, 2015.
• Moretti M, Djomo SN, Azadi H, May K, De Vos K, Van Passel S, et al. A systematic review of environmental and economic impacts of smart grids. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;68:888–98.
• N. Moskalenko, Z. A. Styczynski, T. Sokolnikova, N. Voropai, "Smart Grid-German and Russian perspectives in comparison", Modern Electric Power Systems (MEPS) 2010 Proceedings of the International Symposium, pp. 1-7, 2010.
• Raimi, Kaitlin, and Amanda Carrico. 2016. Understanding and beliefs about smart energy technology. Energy Research and Social Science 12: 68-74.  This is a survey on public opinion by two former postdocs at the VIEE.
• Sovacool, Benjamin, Paula Kivimaa, Sabine Hielscher, and Kristen Jenkins. 2017. Vulnerability and resistance in the United Kingdom’s smart meter transition. Energy Policy 109:  767-781.
• Stephens JC, Wilson EJ, Peterson TR. Smart grid (R)evolution: electric power struggles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015.  This book provides a good introduction to the societal issues related to smart grids.
• Wang, Qingbin. 2017. 2017. Examining whether smart meters have been used smartly: a case study of residential electricity customers in Vermont.  International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy 6(5): 76-83.
• Zhou, Shan, and Marilyn Brown. 2017. Smart meter deployment in Europe: A comparative case study on the impacts of national policy schemes. Journal of Cleaner Production 144:22-32.

B. Law and Policy Papers

• Baumgart, M. 2017. A (legal) challenge to privacy: on the implementation of smart meters in the EU and the US. Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review.
• Brown, I. 2014.  Britain’s smart meter programme: a case study  in privacy by design. International Review of Law, Computers, and Technology.
• King, NJ. PW Jessen. 2014. For privacy’s sake: consumer “opt outs” for smart meters. Computer Law and Security Review.
• Knyrim, R., G Trieb. 2011. Smart metering under EU data protection law. International data Privacy Law.
• Mylrea, M. 2017. Smart energy-internet-of-things opportunities require smart treatment of legal, privacy, and cybersecurity challenges. The Journal of World Energy Law and Business
• Savirimuthu, J. 2013. Smart meters and the information panopticon: beyond the rhetoric of compliance. International Review of Law, Computers, & Technology

C. Sample Policy Documents

• California Public Utilities Commission (2011) Decision adopting rules to protect the privacy and security of the electricity usage data of the customers of Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Southern California Edison Company, and San Diego Gas & Electric Company. July 29. Available at: http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PUBLISHED/FINAL_DECISION/140369.htm
• ETPS. Strategic deployment document for Europe's electricity networks of the future. European Technology Platform Smartgrids Brussels, 05 2010, [online] Available: http://www.smartgrids.eu/documents/SmartGrids_SDD_FINAL_APRIL2010.pdf.
• IEC. IEC smart grid standardization roadmap. International Electrotechnical Commission, 10 2010, [online] Available: http://www.iec.ch/smartgrid/downloads/sg3_roadmap.pdf.
• National Institute of Standards. https://www.nist.gov/engineering-laboratory/smart-grid/transactive-energy-overview.  This is an overview of US approaches to the issue.
• National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2010. Guidelines for smart grid cyber security: vol. 2, privacy and the smart grid [online]. Available from: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistir/ir7628/nistir-7628_vol2.pdf
• Ontario Information and Privacy Commissioner, 2012. Building privacy into Ontario’s smart meter data management system: a control framework [online]. Available from: http://www.ipc.on.ca/images/Resources/pbd-ieso.pdf
• Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids. International Energy Agency, 2011, [online] Available: https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/smartgrids_roadmap.pdf.
• Trans-Atlantic Consumer Dialogue, 2011. Resolution on privacy and security related to smart meters [online]. Doc. No. INFOSOC 44–11. Available from: http://tacd.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=83&Itemid=40​

D. Technology References

• GridWise Transactive Energy Framework, Version 1.0
• Dynamic Market Mechanisms for Wind Energy
• A Decentralized Mechanism for Computing Competitive Equilibria in Deregulated Electricity Markets
• Multi-Dimensional Forward Contracts Under Uncertainty for Electricity Markets