Abstract: Securing critical networked cyber-physical systems (NCPSs) such as the power grid or transportation systems has emerged as a major national and global priority. The networked nature of such systems renders them vulnerable to a range of attacks both in cyber and physical domains as corroborated by recent threats such as the Stuxnet virus.

Abstract: Objective: A powered prosthesis is one of typical cyber-physical systems (CPS) with a human-in-the-loop. The human and prosthesis interaction is highly complicated; although the human user could learn to manipulate the prosthesis, increased effort from the user would be required. The prosthesis requires tuning to minimize the user’s energy expenditure such that the user can use of and interact with the prosthesis effortlessly and with comfort.