A temp file for testing.

A smart grid is a widely distributed engineering system with overhead transmission lines. Physical damage to these power lines, from natural calamities or technical failures, will disrupt the functional integrity of the grid. To ensure the continuation of the grid’s operational flow when those phenomena happen, the grid operator must immediately take steps to nullify the impacts and repair the problems, even if those occur in hardly-reachable remote areas.

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are converging towards a hybrid platform that is becoming ubiquitous in all modern infrastructures. The massive deployment of  CPS requires comprehensive, secure, and reliable communication. The integration of complex and heterogeneous systems makes enormous space for the adversaries to get into the network and inject malicious data. To obfuscate and mislead the attackers, we propose DDAF, a deception defense-based data acquisition framework for a hierarchical communication network of CPSs.