Overview. The Internet of Things (IoT) leverages Internet technology in cyber-physical systems, but the protocols and principles of the Internet were not designed for interacting with the physical world. For example, timeliness is not a factor in any widespread Internet technology, with Quality-of-Service (QoS) features having been routinely omitted for decades.

Cyber-physical systems (CPS), particularly those within the safety-critical domain, must continually ensure that their requirements are being satisfied. To support online requirements satisfaction, a CPS can be modeled with self-adaptive characteristics (SA-CPS) to enable the system to self-reconfigure as uncertainty manifests in both the environment and the system itself.

Abstract: Cyber-physical systems (CPS) encompass the next generation of computerized control for countless aspects of the physical world and interactions thereof. The typical engineering process for CPS reuses existing designs, models, components, and software from one version to the next.