Abstract: Objective: A powered prosthesis is one of typical cyber-physical systems (CPS) with a human-in-the-loop. The human and prosthesis interaction is highly complicated; although the human user could learn to manipulate the prosthesis, increased effort from the user would be required. The prosthesis requires tuning to minimize the user’s energy expenditure such that the user can use of and interact with the prosthesis effortlessly and with comfort.

Abstract:  Objective: A powered prosthesis is one of typical cyber-physical systems (CPS) with a human-in-the- loop. The human and prosthesis interaction is highly complicated; although the human user could learn to manipulate the prosthesis, increased effort from the user would be required. The prosthesis requires tuning to minimize the user’s energy expenditure such that the user can use of and interact with the prosthesis effortlessly and with comfort.