In a cyber-physical system, the operation of the physical plant is typically maintained by closed-loop control, which is intended to keep the plant process variables in a desired range. A major part of any control system is its instrumentation, i.e., sensors and actuators. Due to information exchange between the controller and the instrumentation, the control system performance may be compromised by attacks on its sensors and actuators.

Abstract: Recent developments in nanostructures manufacturing, sensing and wireless networking, will soon enable us to deploy Flow‐based Cyber‐Physical Systems equipped with sensing and actuation capabilities for a broad range of applications.