Abstract: Most future CPS systems will represent a complex, messy mix of hardware, software and human interactions – and may produce dangerous instabilities quicker than some external controller can react. The specific focus and motivation of this project concerns modeling and understanding the dynamics of such CPS that are large and evolve in a decentralized way due to changing market conditions, yielding a system comprising many heterogeneous components that may have incompatible communication protocols (e.g.

Abstract: Future real-world CPS will likely be large, messy and evolve in a decentralized way due to changing market conditions, yielding a system comprising many heterogeneous components that may have incompatible communication protocols (e.g. subsets of actuators and sensors built by different manufacturers and/or operated by competing entities). The number operating at any one time may also fluctuate, creating a time-dependent ecology comprising anywhere from a few hundred to several million distinct pieces of hardware, software or mechanical components.